2025 Space Weather Article

Report generated on 04/06/2026 12:31:30

cdaweb was referenced in 37 papers
spdf was referenced in 20 papers
space physics data facility was referenced in 32 papers
omni was referenced in 53 papers
omni2 was referenced in 0 papers
omni-2 was referenced in 0 papers
omniweb was referenced in 66 papers
ftpbrowser was referenced in 1 papers
helioweb was referenced in 0 papers
atmoweb was referenced in 0 papers
modelweb was referenced in 0 papers
sscweb was referenced in 1 papers
cohoweb was referenced in 0 papers
gifwalk was referenced in 0 papers
gif_walk was referenced in 0 papers
tipsod was referenced in 0 papers
hdp was referenced in 0 papers
heliophysics data portal was referenced in 0 papers
vitmo was referenced in 0 papers
hdrl was referenced in 0 papers
heliophysics digital resource library was referenced in 0 papers
heliocloud was referenced in 0 papers

99 of 213 possible papers ( 46% ) contained references to SPDF keywords

Authors=Murphy, K.; Halford, A. J.; Liu, V.; Klenzing, J.; Smith, J.; Garcia-Sage, K.; Pettit, J.; Rae, I. J.;
Title=Understanding and Modeling the Dynamics of Storm-Time Atmospheric Neutral Density Using Random Forests, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW003928, ID:32666728.
Keywords: spdf, space physics data facility, omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The solar wind and geomagnetic data were obtained from NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF, https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The neutral densities were obtained from the University magnetic data were obtained from NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF, https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The neutral densities were obtained from the University of Colorado Boulder Sp
Sample usage ( BODY ) =OMNI data from NASA’s Space Physics Data Facility provide solar wind and geomagnetic observations (King Papitashvili, 2005). The solar wind and geomagnetic data were obtained from NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF, https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The CHAMP, GRACE, FISM2, solar, and OMNI data have varying cadences and time stamps. nearest-neighbor approach matching the density and solar data sets to the time stamps of the OMNI data. Each satellite is independently matched to the driver data sets (solar, FISM2, OMN I data. Each satellite is independently matched to the driver data sets (solar, FISM2, OMNI), creating a total of three databases: GRACE-A, GRACE-B, and CHAMP. Evident in Figure 4 is that in both the FISM2 and FISM2/OMNI models, the most important feature is the 43.00 nm spectral band. Evident in Figure 4 is that in both the FISM2 and FISM2/OMNI models, the most important feature is the 43.00 nm spectral band.

Authors=Yan, Yun; Xie, Zi-Kang; Yue, Chao; Zhao, Jiu-Tong; Yang, Fan; Xie, Lun; Zong, Qiu-Gang; Zhou, Xu-Zhi; Wang, Shan;
Title=Storm-Time Ring Current Plasma Pressure Prediction Based on the Multi-Output Convolutional Neural Network Model, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW003947, ID:32666730.
Keywords: cdaweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =rs from OMNI data are obtained from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html/ ), and SuperMAG SME index is provided by Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab

Authors=Zheng, Yuhao; Xiong, Chao; Spogli, Luca; Iman, Rayan; Alfonsi, Lucilla;
Title=Ionospheric Response to the 24-27 February 2023 Solar Flare and Geomagnetic Storms Over the European Region Using a Machine Learning-Based Tomographic Technique, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004146, ID:32666751.
Keywords: cdaweb, space physics data facility, omniweb Sample usage ( BODY ) =data are acquired at NASA/GSFC’S Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The ionosonde data are available by the University of Massachusetts Lowell DI
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The solar wind and geophysical parameters data are acquired at NASA/GSFC’S Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =d and geophysical parameters data are acquired at NASA/GSFC’S Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).

Authors=Chen, Hongfan; Sachdeva, Nishtha; Huang, Zhenguang; Holst, Bart; Manchester, Ward; Jivani, Aniket; Zou, Shasha; Chen, Yang; Huan, Xun; Toth, Gabor;
Title=Decent Estimate of CME Arrival Time From a Data-Assimilated Ensemble in the Alfven Wave Solar Atmosphere Model (DECADE-AWSoM), 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004165, ID:32666753.
Keywords: cdaweb, space physics data facility, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data (Papitashvili King, 2020).
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data (Papitashvili King, 2020).
Sample usage ( ACK ) =dge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data (Papitashvili King, 2020). We also acknowledge use of CDAW CME Catalog.
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data (Papitashvili King, 2020).

Authors=Rodriguez, J. V.; Kress, B. T.; Buzulukova, N. Y.; Redmon, R. J.;
Title=Solar Wind and Magnetospheric Conditions for Satellite Anomalies Attributed to Shallow Internal Charging, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004112, ID:33187519.
Keywords: cdaweb, space physics data facility, omni, omniweb, sscweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =val et al., 2021)) and SWE non-linear fit data (WI_H1_SWE (Ogilvie et al., 2021),) are from CDAWeb. The satellite magnetic local times were accessed from the NASA/GSFC Satellite Situation Cen
Sample usage ( BODY ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service, and OMNI data (Papitashvili King, 2020a, 2020b).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The hourly solar wind parameters are from the OMNI hourly data set (King Papitashvili, 2005; Papitashvili King, 2020b). Bottom panel: solar wind speed from the OMNI hourly data set. An example of one such anomaly “cluster” is shown in Figure 2. The source of these data is the 1-min OMNI data (Papitashvili King, 2020a). The SYM-H and the A E $AE$ indices are measures, respectively, of the geomagnetic storm strength and the global au Bottom panel: solar wind speed from the OMNI hourly data set. An example of one such anomaly “cluster” is shown in Figure 2.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service, and OMNI data (Papitashvili King, 2020a, 2020b).
Sample usage ( BODY ) = accessed using the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Satellite Situation Center Web (SSCWeb) service. These MLTs are calculated in the geomagnetic coordinate system (Russell, 1971) us llite magnetic local times were accessed from the NASA/GSFC Satellite Situation Center Web (SSCWeb) service ( https://sscweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). essed from the NASA/GSFC Satellite Situation Center Web (SSCWeb) service ( https://sscweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ).

Authors=Yang, Ling; Li, Liuyuan; Cao, Jinbin;
Title=Prediction of Energetic Electrons in the Inner Radiation Belt and Slot Region With a Double-Layer LSTM Neural Network Model, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004141, ID:33187540.
Keywords: cdaweb, omni
Sample usage ( ACK ) =ps://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/rbsp/rbspb/l3/ect/mageis ) and the OMNI data set ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). We thank all staffs for the data and methods used by us.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =B y , IMF B z , V s , N p , P s , F10.7, Kp, Dst, and AE data are publicly available at the CDAWeb https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov . The MATLAB R2020a code to generate the Machine Lear p , P s , F10.7, Kp, Dst, and AE data are publicly available at the CDAWeb https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov . The MATLAB R2020a code to generate the Machine Learning model and data resu
Sample usage ( ACK ) =ge the MagEIS group ( https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/rbsp/rbspb/l3/ect/mageis ) and the OMNI data set ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). We thank all staffs for the data and methods used
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ers (IMF B y , B z , V s , N p , P s , F10.7) and geomagnetic indices (AE, Kp, Dst) from the OMNI database at the CADWeb. IMF B y , B z , V s , N p, and P s are the 1-min averaged interplane

Authors=Piersanti, M.; Oliveira, D. M.; D’Angelo, G.; Diego, P.; Napoletano, G.; Zesta, E.;
Title=On the Geoelectric Field Response to the SSC of the May 2024 Super Storm Over Europe, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004191, ID:33187576.
Keywords: cdaweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =-DSCOVR, 2016) and GOES (NOAA-GOES, 1994) satellite data are freely available from the NASA-CDAWEB data service. INTERMAGNET geomagnetic field data are freely available at INTERMAGNET websit

Authors=Aryan, Homayon; Bortnik, Jacob; Tobiska, W. Kent; Mehta, Piyush; Siddalingappa, Rashmi; Hogan, Benjamin;
Title=Cross Correlation Between Plasmaspheric Hiss Waves and Enhanced Radiation Levels at Aviation Altitudes, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004184, ID:33187577.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The geomagnetic index (AE) are freely available from NASA’s GSFC online space physics data facility, OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =gnetic index (AE) are freely available from NASA’s GSFC online space physics data facility, OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). The ARMAS data is freely available from Space E y available from NASA’s GSFC online space physics data facility, OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). The ARMAS data is freely available from Space Environment Technologies ARM

Authors=Zhao, Xiukuan; Li, Guozhu; Xie, Haiyong; Hu, Lianhuan; Sun, Wenjie; Li, Yi; Dai, Guofeng; Liu, Jianfei; Li, Yu; Ning, Baiqi; Nishioka, Michi; Perwitasari, Septi; Kenpankho, Prasert;
Title=A Novel Short-Term Prediction Model for Regional Equatorial Plasma Bubble Irregularities in East and Southeast Asia, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004224, ID:33187611.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The F10.7 and IMF Bz data were obtained from the NASA Omniweb website at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html (accessed on 18 May 2022). The F10.7 and IMF Bz data were obtained from the NASA Omniweb website at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html (accessed on 18 May 2022).

Authors=Ye, Hailun; Xue, Xianghui; Sun, Yang-Yi; Yu, Tao; Yi, Wen; Wu, Jianfei; Yu, Bingkun; Wang, Jianyuan; Long, Chi; Zhou, Baozhu; Li, Zezhong; Wang, Chong; Chen, Tingdi; Dou, Xiankang;
Title=Observations of Unusual Postsunrise Interhemispheric Geomagnetic Conjugate Super Plasma Depletions at Midlatitudes During the Recovery Phase of the November 2003 Superstorm, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004240, ID:33187625.
Keywords: cdaweb, space physics data facility, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The ROCSAT-1 satellite data are available from Coordinated Data Analysis Web (CDAWeb) ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/formosat-rocsat/formosat-1/ ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Data Availability Statement The IMF data are downloaded from NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/high_res_omni/ ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =bility Statement The IMF data are downloaded from NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/high_res_omni/ ).

Authors=Xue, Kaiyu; Shi, Chuang; Wang, Cheng;
Title=The Need for a Sub-L1 Space Weather Research Mission: Current Knowledge Gaps on Coronal Mass Ejections, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004189, ID:33187663.
Keywords: cdaweb, spdf, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The Wind , ACE and STEREO data was downloaded from CDAWeb ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). OMNI data was downloaded from omniweb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). The Wind , ACE and STEREO data was downloaded from CDAWeb ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). OMNI data was downloaded from omniweb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Statement All in situ measurements used in this research are publicly available through NASA SPDF ( https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov ). The Wind , ACE and STEREO data was downloaded from asurements used in this research are publicly available through NASA SPDF ( https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov ). The Wind , ACE and STEREO data was downloaded from CDAWeb ( https://cdaweb.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =We use a single time-shift to shift the STEREO-A measurements to the OMNI location t OMNI - t STEREOA $ left({t}{ mathit{OMNI}}-{t}{ mathit{STEREOA}} right)$ . e use a single time-shift to shift the STEREO-A measurements to the OMNI location t OMNI - t STEREOA $ left({t}{ mathit{OMNI}}-{t}{ mathit{STEREOA}} right)$ . We use a single time-shift to shift the STEREO-A measurements to the OMNI location t OMNI - t STEREOA $ left({t}{ mathit{OMNI}}-{t}{ mathit{STEREOA}} right)$ . e use a single time-shift to shift the STEREO-A measurements to the OMNI location t OMNI - t STEREOA $ left({t}{ mathit{OMNI}}-{t}{ mathit{STEREOA}} right)$ . Walsh et al. ( 2019) also compared OMNI and THEMIS data (when in the dayside magnetosheath) to quantify this effect. Walsh et al. ( 2019) also compared OMNI and THEMIS data (when in the dayside magnetosheath) to quantify this effect.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =OMNI data was downloaded from omniweb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). OMNI data was downloaded from omniweb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ).

Authors=Zhang, Zhouyu; Wang, Ningbo; Liu, Ang; Li, Zishen; Li, Ang; Wang, Liangliang; Zhang, Yunlong;
Title=Assessing 1-Second ROTI for Ionospheric Perturbation Monitoring Using Real-Time Multi-GNSS Data in China, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004187, ID:33187667.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =s Kp and Dst, the solar wind proton density and plasma drift velocity, were provided by the OMNIWeb data archive. The post-processing station coordinates in SINEX (Solution INdependent EXchan Data on magnetic storm activities are sourced from the OMNIWeb data archive ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html ). a on magnetic storm activities are sourced from the OMNIWeb data archive ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html ).

Authors=Adhya, P.; Spencer, E.; Kayode-Adeoye, M.;
Title=Substorm Identification With the WINDMI Magnetosphere - Ionosphere Nonlinear Physics Model, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW003960, ID:33187708.
Keywords: cdaweb, space physics data facility
Sample usage ( BODY ) =vailability Statement The solar wind data utilized in this study were acquired from https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html . The substorm lists used were obtained from https://supermag.jhua
Sample usage ( ACK ) = also acknowledge the SuperMAG collaboration (Gjerloev, 2012) and the NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility for providing open-source access to the relevant data.

Authors=Sur, Dibyendu; Robinson, Robert; Garcia-Sage, Katherine;
Title=Intercomparison of Model Determinations of Auroral Electrodynamic Parameters, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004023, ID:33743374.
Keywords: cdaweb, space physics data facility, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =d, the authors acknowledge the use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OmniWeb (or CDAWeb or FTP) service. For AE and SYMH data, the authors would also like to thank the World Data
Sample usage ( ACK ) =In this regard, the authors acknowledge the use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OmniWeb (or CDAWeb or FTP) service.
Sample usage ( ACK ) =IMF, Solar wind data, AE, and SYMH are available from omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov . In this regard, the authors acknowledge the use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OmniWeb (or n this regard, the authors acknowledge the use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OmniWeb (or CDAWeb or FTP) service.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ind speed, solar wind pressure, auroral electrojet, and SYMH are available from the website omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov . All ADELPHI model outputs and CPCP from SuperDARN and DMSP (only on 9 March

Authors=Xu, Haotian; Xu, Wei; Ni, Binbin; Xiang, Zheng; Gu, Xudong; Hosseini, Poorya; Zeren, Zhima; Huang, Jianping; Yang, Yanyan; Liu, Yangxizi; Jin, Taifeng; Cheng, Wen; Feng, Jingyuan; Ma, Wenchen; Pan, Yudi;
Title=Measurements and Modeling of Electron Precipitation Induced by the Ionospheric Heating Experiment, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004035, ID:33743377.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Figure 2a shows the AE and Dst indices obtained from the OmniWeb data center (available at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html ). the AE and Dst indices obtained from the OmniWeb data center (available at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html ).

Authors=Pan, Qian; Xiong, Chao; Gao, ShunZu; Chen, Zhou; Smirnov, Artem; Xu, Chunyu; Huang, Yuyang;
Title=Interpretable Machine Learning for Thermospheric Mass Density Modeling Using GRACE/GRACE-FO Satellite Data, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004259, ID:33743436.
Keywords: omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) = can be downloaded from the Goddard Space Flight Center ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html ). Detailed description of the NRLMSIS-2.0 model can be found and downloaded from h
Sample usage ( BODY ) =c activity parameters data can be downloaded from the Goddard Space Flight Center ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html ). Detailed description of the NRLMSIS-2.0 model can be fo

Authors=Adams, Kalvyn; Bregou, Emily; Hudson, Mary; Kress, Brian; Selesnick, Richard;
Title=Turnover in Gleissberg Cycle Dependence of Inner Zone Proton Flux, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004238, ID:33743443.
Keywords: omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Data Availability Statement F10.7 data come from the OMNI database: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html .
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Data Availability Statement F10.7 data come from the OMNI database: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html . The data for POES are available at https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/poes-sp

Authors=Weiler, E.; Mostl, C.; Davies, E. E.; Veronig, A. M.; Amerstorfer, U. V.; Amerstorfer, T.; Le Louedec, J.; Bauer, M.; Lugaz, N.; Haberle, V.; Rudisser, H. T.; Majumdar, S.; Reiss, M.;
Title=First Observations of a Geomagnetic Superstorm With a Sub-L1 Monitor, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004260, ID:33743447.
Keywords: spdf
Sample usage ( BODY ) =SYM-H values, respectively, taken from low and high resolution OMNI data ( https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ ; Papitashvili King, 2020a, 2020b).

Authors=Stumbaugh, D. L.; Bortnik, J.; Claudepierre, S. G.;
Title=Reconstructing Equatorial Electron Flux Measurements From Low-Earth-Orbit: A Conjunction Based Framework, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004249, ID:33743451.
Keywords: cdaweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The OMNI data are publicly accessible at https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . All files and data necessary to run the model can be accessed in the associated zenodo archive at Stumbaugh ( 2024).

Authors=Gao, Shunzu; Xiong, Chao; Cai, Hongtao; Pan, Qian; Zhan, Weijia; Zhang, Hong; Zheng, Yuhao;
Title=Predicting Equatorial Spread F at JICAMARCA Sector Via Supervised Machine Learning, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004214, ID:33743461.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) = in the box of “Choose instrument(s),” then clicking the “list experiments”), the Space Physics Data Facility at Goddard Space Flight Center ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ) for providing K
Sample usage ( BODY ) =experiments”), the Space Physics Data Facility at Goddard Space Flight Center ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ) for providing Kp, AE, SYMH and F10.7 indices data.

Authors=Kieokaew, Rungployphan; Haberle, Veronika; Marchaudon, Aurelie; Blelly, Pierre-Louis; Chambodut, Aude;
Title=A Novel Neural Network-Based Approach to Derive a Local Geomagnetic Baseline for Future Robust Characterization of Geomagnetic Indices at Mid-Latitude, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004192, ID:33743468.
Keywords: cdaweb, space physics data facility
Sample usage ( BODY ) =We obtain the F 10.7 ${F}{10.7}$ from CDAWeb (Coordinated Data Analysis Web); it is available as a part of the OMNI hourly product (Papitashvili King, 2020). In particular, this F 10.7 ${F} roduct (Papitashvili King, 2020). In particular, this F 10.7 ${F}{10.7}$ data product from CDAweb has been corrected to remove the atmospheric effects and interpolated to the Lagrangian L1 We obtain the F 10.7 ${F}_{10.7}$ from CDAWeb (Coordinated Data Analysis Web); it is available as a part of the OMNI hourly product (Papitashvili King, 2020). knowledge use of NASA/GSFC Space Physics Data Facility (Space physics data facility, 2024), CDAWeb (Cdaweb, 2023), OMNI hourly data (Papitashvili King, 2020), and AMDA (Budnik et al NASA/GSFC Space Physics Data Facility (Space physics data facility, 2024), CDAWeb (Cdaweb, 2023), OMNI hourly data (Papitashvili King, 2020), and AMDA (Budnik et al., 2015; Genot et
Sample usage ( BODY ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC Space Physics Data Facility (Space physics data facility, 2024), CDAWeb (Cdaweb, 2023), OMNI hourly data (Papitashvili King, 2020), and AMDA (Budnik e We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC Space Physics Data Facility (Space physics data facility, 2024), CDAWeb (Cdaweb, 2023), OMNI hourly data (Papitashvili King, 2020), and AMDA (Budnik e

Authors=Ma, Lan; Ji, Yong; Shen, Chao; Zeng, Gang; E, Peng; Yang, YanYan; Ti, Shuo; Ahmad, Nisar;
Title=Predicting the SYM-H Index Using the Ring Current Energy Balance Mechanism, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004160, ID:33743471.
Keywords: cdaweb, spdf, space physics data facility, omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =aded from the NASA/GSFC’ Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNI Web service ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ ). The description of high resolution OMNI data set can be found at ( $($ mni/ ). The description of high resolution OMNI data set can be found at ( $($ https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/misc/NotesO.html # $ #$ OMNI _ $ text{ _}$ HRO _ $ text{ _}$ 1MIN ) $)$ .
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The data were obtained from the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) at NASA/GSFC. It is important to note that the model requires solar wind data from observations at the subsolar point of th be achieved near the L1 point between the Earth and the Sun by spacecraft. The data from the SPDF were processed using a time-shifting algorithm, which estimates solar wind conditions at the
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The data were obtained from the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) at NASA/GSFC. It is important to note that the model requires solar wind data from observations at the subsolar point of the solar wind, and SYM-H index from 2000 to 2019 are downloaded from the NASA/GSFC’ Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNI Web service ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =M-H index from 2000 to 2019 are downloaded from the NASA/GSFC’ Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNI Web service ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ ). The description of hig the NASA/GSFC’ Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNI Web service ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ ). The description of high resolution OMNI data set can be found ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ ). The description of high resolution OMNI data set can be found at ( $($ https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/misc/NotesO.html # $ #$ OMNI MNI data set can be found at ( $($ https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/misc/NotesO.html # $ #$ OMNI _ $ text{ _}$ HRO _ $ text{ _}$ 1MIN ) $)$ .

Authors=Sousasantos, J.; Rodrigues, F. S.; Fejer, B. G.; Eastes, R. W.; Moraes, A. O.;
Title=Evidence of Substorm-Driven Penetration Electric Field Contributions to Low-Latitude Phenomena: Enhanced Upward Drifts, Plasma Bubble Development and Severe Scintillation, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004297, ID:33743495.
Keywords: cdaweb, spdf, space physics data facility, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2005, 2010, 2013).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =y available at: https://gold.cs.ucf.edu/data/ and at the NASA’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/gold/ . cf.edu/data/ and at the NASA’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/gold/ .
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2005, 2010, 2013).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =sk data is publicly available at: https://gold.cs.ucf.edu/data/ and at the NASA’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/gold/ .
Sample usage ( ACK ) =dge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2005, 2010, 2013).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =erplanetary magnetic (Bz) and electric (Ey) field components obtained at the High-Resolution OMNI (HRO) (King Papitashvili, 2005, 2010, 2013), available at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form (HRO) (King Papitashvili, 2005, 2010, 2013), available at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html . The interplanetary parameters are publicly available at: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html . The SMU and SML indices and substorm lists are publicly available at: https://supe
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2005, 2010, 2013).
Sample usage ( BODY ) = the High-Resolution OMNI (HRO) (King Papitashvili, 2005, 2010, 2013), available at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html . The geomagnetic indices used were the SYM-H, equivalent The interplanetary parameters are publicly available at: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html . The SMU and SML indices and substorm lists are publicly available at: https://super

Authors=Lin, Yang; Fang, Hanxian; Duan, Die; Yang, Ding; Huang, Hongtao; Xiao, Chao; Ren, Ganming;
Title=Multi-Model Assessment of PCA-Informer Hybrid Model Against Emperical and Deep Learning Methods in TEC Forecasting, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004018, ID:34105737.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omni, omniweb Sample usage ( ACK ) =S TEC data, the Data Analysis Center for Geomagnetism and Space Magnetism and the Space Physics Data Facility of Goddard Space Flight Center for providing the Dst data and the OMNIWeb data, r
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Most of the solar and geomagnetic data are from the Space Physics Data Facility of Goddard Space Flight Center’s OMNIWeb data ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/ow_data.html ) and Dst index Most of the solar and geomagnetic data are from the Space Physics Data Facility of Goddard Space Flight Center’s OMNIWeb data ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/ow_data.html ) and Dst index
Sample usage ( BODY ) =60 259 Data Availability Statement The IGS-TEC are available at Johnston et al. ( 2017). The OMNI data are available at Papitashvili and King ( 2020), respectively.
Sample usage ( ACK ) =ace Physics Data Facility of Goddard Space Flight Center for providing the Dst data and the OMNIWeb data, respectively.
Sample usage ( BODY ) = geomagnetic data are from the Space Physics Data Facility of Goddard Space Flight Center’s OMNIWeb data ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/ow_data.html ) and Dst index is from the pace Physics Data Facility of Goddard Space Flight Center’s OMNIWeb data ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/ow_data.html ) and Dst index is from the World Data Center for Geomagnet geomagnetic data are from the Space Physics Data Facility of Goddard Space Flight Center’s OMNIWeb data ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/ow_data.html ) and Dst index is from the pace Physics Data Facility of Goddard Space Flight Center’s OMNIWeb data ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/ow_data.html ) and Dst index is from the World Data Center for Geomagnet

Authors=Zhang, Zhenxia; Zhang, Fang; Wang, Lu; Li, Xinqiao; Zhima, Zeren; Wang, Yongfu; Yang, Yanyan; Yang, Dehe; Li, Shujie; Chu, Wei; Zhou, Na; Wang, Dedong; Zhang, Dali; Battiston, Roberto; Iuppa, Roberto; Shen, Xuhui;
Title=The Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Ground Responses to the May 2024 Super Solar Storm, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004197, ID:34105749.
Keywords: spdf, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =OMNI data are obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov .
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ad service by registering online and filling the application form following the data policy. OMNI data are obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov .
Sample usage ( BODY ) =OMNI data are obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov . OMNI data are obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov .

Authors=Zakharenkova, Irina; Cherniak, Iurii; Braun, John J.; Weiss, Jan-Peter; Wu, Qian; VanHove, Teresa; Hunt, Douglas; Sleziak-Sallee, Maggie;
Title=Unveiling Ionospheric Response to the May 2024 Superstorm With Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Observations, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004245, ID:34105754.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ity Statement The geophysical parameters data are available through the NASA GSFC Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html ), GFZ-Potsdam ( https:
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ophysical parameters data are available through the NASA GSFC Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html ), GFZ-Potsdam ( https://kp.gfz-po able through the NASA GSFC Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html ), GFZ-Potsdam ( https://kp.gfz-potsdam.de/en/ ; Matzka et al., 2021)

Authors=Laranja, Sophia R.; Ridenti, Marco A.; Fejer, Bela G.; Amorim, J.;
Title=An Evaluation of Equatorial Perturbation Electric Fields Using Empirical Vertical Drift Models, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004248, ID:34105757.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =opagated to the noon magnetopause and obtained from the NASA Goddard database ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). Additionally, we used ground-based ring current and auroral magnetic field i opagated to the noon magnetopause and obtained from the NASA Goddard database ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). Additionally, we used ground-based ring current and auroral magnetic field i

Authors=Amaechi, Paul O.; Messanga, Honore; Grodji, Frank O.; Akala, Andrew; Despirak, Irina; Ngwira, Chigomezyo M.; Oyeyemi, Elijah; Amory-Mazaudier, Christine;
Title=Risk Assessment of the Ground Magnetic Response to the March and April 2023 Geomagnetic Storms Using Geomagnetically Induced Currents Indices, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004324, ID:34105772.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omniweb, ftpbrowser
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The solar wind data provided by the NASA/GSFC Space Physics Data Facility Service can be accessed through the OMNIWeb Plus data portal https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa . gov/ftpbrowser/wind_min_merg
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The Wind data was accessed through the OMNIWeb Plus data portal. In addition, Polar cap (PC) indices and the symmetric horizontal component disturbances (SYM-H) provided by the International The Wind data was accessed through the OMNIWeb Plus data portal. In addition, Polar cap (PC) indices and the symmetric horizontal component disturbances (SYM-H) provided by the International a provided by the NASA/GSFC Space Physics Data Facility Service can be accessed through the OMNIWeb Plus data portal https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa . gov/ftpbrowser/wind_min_merge.html. Data Facility Service can be accessed through the OMNIWeb Plus data portal https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa . gov/ftpbrowser/wind_min_merge.html.
Sample usage ( BODY ) = be accessed through the OMNIWeb Plus data portal https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa . gov/ftpbrowser/wind_min_merge.html. The real-time AE index used in this study were provided by the World Data Cen

Authors=Nishiyama, Takanori; Kagitani, Masato; Bag, Tikemani; Tsuda, Takuo T.; Iwasa, Yuki; Ogawa, Yasunobu; Sigernes, Fred;
Title=Thermospheric Orthohelium, mathrm{H} mathrm{e}<=ft({ mathrm{2}}( mathrm{3}} mathrm{S) right), Variations Associated With a Moderate Storm in February 2023: The NIRAS-2 Observations at the Kjell Henriksen Observatory (78.1degN, 16.0degE), Svalbard, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004161, ID:34777948.
Keywords: omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The processed data presented in this study is available at (Nishiyama, 2024). Solar wind, OMNI and ground-based fluxgate data access and processing were done using pyspedas v1.4.28; see Ange

Authors=Fogg, Alexandra Ruth; Healy, D.; Jackman, C. M.; Parnell, A. C.; Rutala, M. J.; McEntee, S. C.; Walker, S. J.; Gallagher, P. T.; Bowers, C. F.;
Title=Bivariate Extreme Value Analysis for Space Weather Risk Assessment: Solar Wind—Magnetosphere Driving in the Terrestrial System, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004176, ID:34777963.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =We gratefully acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service, and OMNI data.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Data Availability Statement Solar wind, IMF, and geomagnetic index data were obtained via OMNIWeb at hourly (Papitashvili King, 2020) and minute (Papitashvili, 2023) resolution. We gratefully 023) resolution. We gratefully acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service, and OMNI data. The AU, AL and Dst indices used in this paper were provided by the ded by the WDC for Geomagnetism, Kyoto ( http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wdc/Sec3.html ) via OMNIWeb. The P C N $P{C}{N}$ was provided by World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Copenhagen at DTU }{N}$ was provided by World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Copenhagen at DTU Space ( ) via OMNIWeb. The Kp index was provided by GFZ Potsdam ( https://kp.gfz-potsdam.de/en/ ) via OMNIWeb NIWeb. The Kp index was provided by GFZ Potsdam ( https://kp.gfz-potsdam.de/en/ ) via OMNIWeb.

Authors=Tian, Hang; Yuan, Zhigang; Yu, Xiongdong;
Title=Modeling Earth’s Global Electron Density by Using LSTM-Attention Neural Networks, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004193, ID:34778033.
Keywords: cdaweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =atement The geomagnetic activity indices used in this study can be obtained from https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The electron density data set was derived by the NURD algorithm and can be obt

Authors=Guo, Yu; Guo, Fei; Zhang, Xiaohong; Yang, Yan; Mei, Dengkui; Ren, Xiaodong;
Title=A Two-Step Method for Enhancing Thermospheric Mass Density Empirical Model, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004317, ID:34778154.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The space weather data are available from the OMNIWeb website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html ). The space weather data are available from the OMNIWeb website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html ). Dst, ap, and F10.7 data are provided by the OMNIWeb website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html ). Dst, ap, and F10.7 data are provided by the OMNIWeb website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html ).

Authors=Zhao, Ling-Xin; Zhang, Qing-He; Yue, Xin-An; He, Jian-Hui; Wang, Yong; Xing, Zan-Yang; Zhou, Xu; Ma, Yu-Zhang; Jayachandran, P. T.; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Lyons, Larry; Xu, Tong; Sun, Shu-Ji;
Title=A Regional 3-D Data Assimilation Model for the Ionospheric Electron Density at Middle-to-High Latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004340, ID:34778160.
Keywords: cdaweb, space physics data facility, omniweb Sample usage ( BODY ) = were retrieved from NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ) and Kyoto world data center for Geomagnetism ( http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The solar and geophysical parameters were retrieved from NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ) and Kyoto world data center for Geomagneti
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ar and geophysical parameters were retrieved from NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ) and Kyoto world data center for Geomagnetism ( ht

Authors=Ellis, J. A.; Emmons, D. J.; Cohen, M. B.;
Title=Global Sporadic-E Prediction and Climatology Using Deep Learning, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004366, ID:34778163.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omni, omniweb Sample usage ( ACK ) =e SuperMAG collaborators for the use of their indices, NASA/GSFC for use of their Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service and OMNI data, Vaisala for use of their GLD360 data, NOAA for t
Sample usage ( ACK ) = their indices, NASA/GSFC for use of their Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service and OMNI data, Vaisala for use of their GLD360 data, NOAA for the use of their x-ray flux data, and t
Sample usage ( ACK ) =tors for the use of their indices, NASA/GSFC for use of their Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service and OMNI data, Vaisala for use of their GLD360 data, NOAA for the use of their x-ra
Sample usage ( BODY ) =al., 2010, 2013); solar winds, solar indices, and geomagnetic indices retrieved from NASA’s OMNIWeb (King Papitashvili, 2005) with the SuperMag auroral electrojet (SME) index retrieved from S netic indices, geomagnetic fields, and solar wind measurements are available through NASA’s OMNIWeb (Papitashvili King, 2020a, 2020b, 2020c).

Authors=Hajra, Rajkumar; Tsurutani, Bruce T.; Lu, Quanming; Du, Aimin; Lu, San; Echer, Ezequiel;
Title=Solar Cycle and Seasonal Dependences of Field-Aligned Currents, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004441, ID:34778166.
Keywords: omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =resolution data can be directly downloaded from the page: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html , by specifying start and stop times.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =lar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) parameters are obtained from NASA’s OMNIWeb Plus database ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ) (King Papitashvili, 2020). ield (IMF) parameters are obtained from NASA’s OMNIWeb Plus database ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ) (King Papitashvili, 2020). The near-Earth solar wind plasma and IMF data are obtained from NASA’s OMNIWeb Plus database ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The high-resolution data can be directly downloaded f d plasma and IMF data are obtained from NASA’s OMNIWeb Plus database ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The high-resolution data can be directly downloaded from the page: https://< asa.gov/ ). The high-resolution data can be directly downloaded from the page: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html , by specifying start and stop times.

Authors=Jee, G.; Shim, J. S.; Song, I.-S.; Kwak, Y.-S.; Tsagouri, I.; Goncharenko, L.; Singh, D.; Rastaetter, L.; Yue, J.; Chou, M.; Bilitza, D.; Codrescu, M.; Fedrizzi, M.; Fuller-Rowell, T. J.;
Title=On the Extraordinary L-Band Scintillation Event Observed in the American Sector During the 23-24 March 2023 Geomagnetic Storm, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004213, ID:34993691.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service, and OMNI data.
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service, and OMNI data. FSR and JGS would like to ackowledge support from NSF through Awards AGS-2122639 and AGS-24326
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service, and OMNI data. FSR and JGS would like to ackowledge support from NSF through Awards AGS-2122639 and AGS-243260
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Interplanetary Bz, Ey, and SYM_H are available at NASA/GSFC’s OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). Interplanetary Bz, Ey, and SYM_H are available at NASA/GSFC’s OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ).

Authors=Gao, Zhixu; Chen, Yanhong; Ao, Xianzhi; Yue, Fulu; Chen, Hong; Deng, Hao; Luo, Bingxian; Wang, Xin; Yuan, Tianjiao;
Title=ISNet: Decomposed Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Neural Network for Ionospheric Scintillation Forecasts, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004239, ID:34993699.
Keywords: omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Solar wind speed data can be obtained from NASA’s OMNI database at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html . ata can be obtained from NASA’s OMNI database at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html .
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Solar wind speed data can be obtained from NASA’s OMNI database at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html . The solar position model can be found at Koblick ( 2024).

Authors=Barad, Rajesh Kumar; Sripathi, S.; Singh, Ram; Gayathri, B.; Abadi, P.;
Title=Observations and Modeling Investigations of Ionospheric Response to 23-24 April 2023, G4-Class Geomagnetic Storm Over Indian Sector, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004253, ID:34993702.
Keywords: cdaweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =The authors acknowledge the valuable contributions of NASA’s CDAWeb for the solar wind data; NASA and the MIT Haystack Observatory for the TEC data; the IIG, Navi Mumbai, for the ionospheric

Authors=Stephens, G. K.; Sitnov, M. I.; Tsyganenko, N. A.; Weigel, R. S.;
Title=Empirical Reconstruction of Pre-1995 Extreme Storms Using ML-Derived Solar Wind Inputs, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004293, ID:34993703.
Keywords: spdf, omni
Sample usage ( ACK ) =, THEMIS, Van Allen Probes and MMS, particularly their magnetometer teams. We also thank the SPDF for the OMNI database for solar wind values, which are composed of data sets from the IMP-8,
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We also thank the SPDF for the OMNI database for solar wind values, which are composed of data sets from the IMP-8, ACE, WIND, and Geotail missions, and also the WDC in Kyoto for the Geomagn
Sample usage ( BODY ) =When available, the 5-min OMNI data is still used as the primary source for solar wind parameters, and the ESN-derived solar wind data is used to fill in OMNI data gaps. However, be ary source for solar wind parameters, and the ESN-derived solar wind data is used to fill in OMNI data gaps. However, before 1995, OMNI data was unavailable the majority of the time SN-derived solar wind data is used to fill in OMNI data gaps. However, before 1995, OMNI data was unavailable the majority of the time, therefore, the reconstructions discussed in t When available, the 5-min OMNI data is still used as the primary source for solar wind parameters, and the ESN-derived solar wind data is used to fill in OMNI data gaps. ary source for solar wind parameters, and the ESN-derived solar wind data is used to fill in OMNI data gaps. The data describing the solar wind conditions were taken from the 5 min OMNI data (Papitashvili King, 2020). The ARGUS source code is available on the ARGUS GitHub repository (G.

Authors=Chen, Hongfan; Toth, Gabor; Chen, Yang; Zou, Shasha; Huang, Zhenguang; Huan, Xun;
Title=GeoDGP: One-Hour Ahead Global Probabilistic Geomagnetic Perturbation Forecasting Using Deep Gaussian Process, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004301, ID:34993705.
Keywords: cdaweb, spdf, space physics data facility, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF)‘s OMNIWeb and CDAWeb service (NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), 2024), and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2020; Pap
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF)‘s OMNIWeb and CDAWeb service (NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), 2024), and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, ata Facility (SPDF)‘s OMNIWeb and CDAWeb service (NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), 2024), and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2020; Papitashvili King, 2020).
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF)‘s OMNIWeb and CDAWeb service (NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), 2024), and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2 ‘s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF)‘s OMNIWeb and CDAWeb service (NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), 2024), and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2020; Papitashvili King, 2020).
Sample usage ( ACK ) =ity (SPDF)‘s OMNIWeb and CDAWeb service (NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), 2024), and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2020; Papitashvili King, 2020).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The data is further subject to the availability of OMNI data set, which provides the model input. We will carry out our data-driven modeling exclusively on data from storm periods. The data is further subject to the availability of OMNI data set, which provides the model input. We will carry out our data-driven modeling exclusively on data from storm periods. However, since GeoDGP is trained using OMNI data set that largely consists of ACE data, the model may already possess the ability to adjust to ACE input. However, since GeoDGP is trained using OMNI data set that largely consists of ACE data, the model may already possess the ability to adjust to ACE input.
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF)‘s OMNIWeb and CDAWeb service (NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), 2024), and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2020; Papi

Authors=Ma, Longxing; Tian, Xingbin; Yu, Yiqun; Tang, Linhui; Cao, Jinbin;
Title=Statistical Relations Between Ionospheric Conductance and Precipitating Electrons Derived From Direct Conjugate Observations, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004345, ID:34993707.
Keywords: omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =e 1b, from which the Hall and Pedersen conductances can be obtained using Equations 1 and 2. OMNI data provides the geomagnetic index (i.e., SYM-H, AE, F10.7) indices at the conjugate time. e 1b, from which the Hall and Pedersen conductances can be obtained using Equations 1 and 2. OMNI data provides the geomagnetic index (i.e., SYM-H, AE, F10.7) indices at the conjugate time.

Authors=Zhigang, Zhang; Qiao, Yu; Wang, Jian; Xiuqiang, Zhang; Zhanfeng, Zhu; Lin, Zhao; Yang, Cheng;
Title=Unveiling the Gannon Storm: How Ground-Based Magnetometers Mapped Its Global Impact, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004350, ID:34993718.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =used in this study were obtained from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Space Physics Data Facility OMNIWeb portal at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov .
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Data Availability Statement The high resolution (1-min) OMNI data used in this study were obtained from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Space Physics Data Facility OMNIWeb portal
Sample usage ( BODY ) = were obtained from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Space Physics Data Facility OMNIWeb portal at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov . d Space Flight Center (GSFC) Space Physics Data Facility OMNIWeb portal at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov .

Authors=Zhou, Jiawei; Cai, Hongtao; Yan, Xu; Xu, Hong-wen; Hu, Kun; Xiong, Chao;
Title=ED-Autoformer: A New Model for Precise Global TEC Forecast, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004356, ID:34993722.
Keywords: spdf, omni Sample usage ( BODY ) =Electron Content (TEC) map data were obtained from the Goddard Space Flight Center ( https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/gps/tec1hr_igs ). Time series data (IMF, solar wind flow pressure, so
Sample usage ( BODY ) =nd parameters ( P S W ${P}{SW}$ and V S W ${V}{SW}$ ) were obtained by hourly average from Omni-Web ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). Consequently, all data sets used in this study are a nd parameters ( P S W ${P}{SW}$ and V S W ${V}{SW}$ ) were obtained by hourly average from Omni-Web ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). Consequently, all data sets used in this study are a data (IMF, solar wind flow pressure, solar wind speed, and Dst index) were obtained from the OMNI Goddard Flight Center ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).

Authors=Lei, Yuan; Cao, Xing; Ni, Binbin; Luo, Taorong; Wang, Xiaoyu;
Title=Application of Ensemble Kalman Filter With Covariance Localization in Data Assimilation of Radiation Belt Electrons, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004387, ID:34993729.
Keywords: cdaweb, spdf, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =All GOES data are available from https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/goes/ . We also are grateful the OMNIWEB for providing solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =All Van Allen Probe data are available from https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/rbsp/ . We also are grateful the GOES mission for providing electron flux data.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices are obtained from OMNIWEB ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). Electron fluxes are averaged over 5-min intervals and are further conv ar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices are obtained from OMNIWEB ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). Electron fluxes are averaged over 5-min intervals and are further converted We also are grateful the OMNIWEB for providing solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices. All solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices are provided by OMNIWEB ( https:// and geomagnetic indices. All solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices are provided by OMNIWEB ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). olar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices are provided by OMNIWEB ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).

Authors=Rajesh, P. K.; Lin, C. H. Charles; Saito, Susumu; Huang, Tzu-Jui; Huba, J. D.; Shen, Mitchell M.; Chou, Min-Yang; Yue, Jia; Lin, Chi-Yen;
Title=GNSS Remote Sensing of Man-Made Space Weather Events on Consecutive Days Over East Asia, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004395, ID:34993738.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =etary Kp ( https://kp.gfz-potsdam.de ) as well as the symmetric disturbance Sym/H ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ) indices derived from ground-based magnetometer measurements respectively yi

Authors=Hong, Yu; Deng, Yue; Cai, Lei; Ridley, Aaron; Lu, Gang; Maute, Astrid; Waters, Colin; Rowland, Douglas;
Title=Temporal and Spatial Variability of Multiscale Neutral Density Perturbations During Storm-Time: Insights From Multi-Satellite Observations, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004406, ID:34993748.
Keywords: omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =Acknowledgments This study makes use of NASA OMNI data. This work at UTA was supported by NASA through Grants 80NSSC20K1786, 80GSFC22CA011, 80NSSC23K1062, and 80NSSC22K0061, and AFOSR throug
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The IMF, solar wind and AE index used in this study are from NASA OMNI data set at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov .
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The IMF, solar wind and AE index used in this study are from NASA OMNI data set at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov . The GRACE thermospheric density data are processed and provide by the TU Del

Authors=Li, G.; Fu, S.; Guo, X. C.; Tacza, J.; Chen, T.; Yue, J. W.;
Title=Magnetopause Location and Solar Wind Turbulence Level During FDs and Their Impacts on the Global Electric Circuit, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004453, ID:34993775.
Keywords: omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The solar wind conditions from the OMNI database are used as the front boundary conditions at a distance of 30 R e ${R}_{e}$ away from the Earth’s center. Solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) parameters are freely downloaded from the OMNI database ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html ). s are freely downloaded from the OMNI database ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =tary magnetic field (IMF) parameters are freely downloaded from the OMNI database ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html ). Data for producing Figures 2-5 are available in a publi

Authors=Qiu, Chu; Cai, Jinhui; Wang, Zheng; Gao, Pengdong; Wang, Guojun; Qi, Quan; Wang, Bo; Cheng, Zhengwei; Shi, Jiankui; Zhu, Yajun; Wang, Xiao; Ding, Kai;
Title=Enhanced Global Ionospheric Mapping Using Deep Ensemble Neural Networks With Uncertainty Quantification, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004446, ID:35999636.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =Additionally, they appreciate the OMNIWeb database for supplying the solar and geomagnetic data that were essential for this research.

Authors=Song, Hosub; Park, Jaeheung; Lee, Jaejin; Yang, Tae-Yong; Sohn, Jongdae; Kwak, Young-Sil; Miyashita, Yukinaga; Song, Youngbum; Keum, Ki-Hwan; Kim, Chae-Ryeong; Yi, Yu; Ivarsen, Magnus; Clausen, L. B. N.; Kim, Hae-Dong; Choi, Wonsub; Cho, Dong-Hyun; Kim, Min-Ki; Kim, Jin-Hyung; Kim, Ji-Seok; Kim, Kiduck; Lim, Seongmin;
Title=Topside Ionosphere During the Mother’s Day Superstorm as Observed by Multiple LEO Spacecraft, Including SNIPE, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004470, ID:35999639.
Keywords: omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of OMNI data for Dst index (Papitashvili King, 2020).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ed from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center OMNI data set via OMNIWeb. Figure 5c presents the near-noon equatorial electrojet (EEJ), which fl ed from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center OMNI data set via OMNIWeb. Figure 5c presents the near-noon equatorial electrojet (EEJ), which fl
Sample usage ( BODY ) = Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center OMNI data set via OMNIWeb. Figure 5c presents the near-noon equatorial electrojet (EEJ), which flows along the magnet Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center OMNI data set via OMNIWeb. Figure 5c presents the near-noon equatorial electrojet (EEJ), which flows along the magnet

Authors=Simon, Pauline A.; Chen, Christopher H. K.; Owens, Mathew J.; Sishtla, Chaitanya;
Title=Analog Ensemble Forecasts of Solar Wind Parameters: Quantification of the Predictability and Time-Domain Spectral Performance, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004473, ID:35999642.
Keywords: cdaweb, space physics data facility
Sample usage ( BODY ) =y and the Space Sciences Laboratory has been accessed by the Coordinated Data Analysis Web (CDAWeb) through the Python module cdasws (Lin et al., 2021).
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We would like to thank the NASA Space Physics Data Facility and the Space Sciences Laboratory that provide access to the Wind dataset.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ilability Statement The original spacecraft observation dataset published by NASA Space Physics Data Facility and the Space Sciences Laboratory has been accessed by the Coordinated Data Analy

Authors=Walach, M.-T.; Grocott, A.;
Title=Modeling the Time-Variability of the Ionospheric Electric Potential (TiVIE), 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004139, ID:35999827.
Keywords: spdf, omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =All solar wind data and geomagnetic indices were downloaded from NASA’s SPDF Coordinated Data Analysis Web (NASA, 2025).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Using solar wind data from the OMNI database we sort the gridded radar data into bins of different solar wind conditions, much like previous models have done. Using solar wind data from the OMNI database we sort the gridded radar data into bins of different solar wind conditions, much like previous models have done.

Authors=Shprits, Yuri Y.; Schiller, Quintin; Drozdov, Alexander Y.; Kondrashov, Dmitri; Onsager, Terrance;
Title=Observing System Simulation Experiments and Observing System Experiments for the Van Allen Radiation Belts, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004219, ID:35999838.
Keywords: cdaweb, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =Papitashvili at AdnetSystems, NASA GSFC, and CDAWeb for the use of OMNI data. MITRE staff, including David Fritz and Paul Ward, for the help with the management of the project and administra
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ability Statement Van Allen Probes data is available at NASA Coordinated Data Analysis Web (CDAWeb, https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/ ). s data is available at NASA Coordinated Data Analysis Web (CDAWeb, https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/ ).
Sample usage ( ACK ) =Papitashvili at AdnetSystems, NASA GSFC, and CDAWeb for the use of OMNI data. MITRE staff, including David Fritz and Paul Ward, for the help with the management of the project and administra
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The authors used geomagnetic indices provided by OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The authors used geomagnetic indices provided by OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).

Authors=Owolabi, Charles; Connor, Hyunju; Hampton, Don; Oliveira, Denny M.; Calabia, Andres; Gowtam, V. Sai; Zesta, Eftyhia;
Title=Eigen-Swarm: Swarm’s Thermospheric Mass Density Modeling via Eigen-Decomposition, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004351, ID:35999846.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Ap index data were sourced from NASA’s OMNIWeb (OMNIWeb, 2025), and solar proxy data, such as the Mg II core-to-wing index, were obtained from LASP (LASP, 2025). Ap index data were sourced from NASA’s OMNIWeb (OMNIWeb, 2025), and solar proxy data, such as the Mg II core-to-wing index, were obtained from LASP (LASP, 2025).

Authors=Fredrick, Espen; Hong, Yu; Lopez, Ramon; Deng, Yue;
Title=The Impact of OMNI Data Accuracy on Thermospheric Neutral Density Simulations at Grid Cell Resolutions, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004374, ID:35999848.
Keywords: cdaweb, space physics data facility, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb and CDAWeb service, and OMNI data. We furthermore acknowledge NASA contract NAS5-02099 and V.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ARTEMIS mission data were obtained through NASA’s SPDF CDAweb (NASA Space Physics Data Facility, 2025). Data importing was performed using the PySPEDAS package (Grimes et al., 2022).
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb and CDAWeb service, and OMNI data.
Sample usage ( ACK ) =acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb and CDAWeb service, and OMNI data. We furthermore acknowledge NASA contract NAS5-02099 and V.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The orange line represents data projected to the bow shock nose by OMNI and the blue line represents data from ARTEMIS shifted to the location of OMNI. e by OMNI and the blue line represents data from ARTEMIS shifted to the location of OMNI. The orange line represents data projected to the bow shock nose by OMNI and the blue line represents data from ARTEMIS shifted to the location of OMNI. e by OMNI and the blue line represents data from ARTEMIS shifted to the location of OMNI. The orange line represents data projected to the bow shock nose by OMNI and the blue line represents data from ARTEMIS shifted to the location of OMNI. e by OMNI and the blue line represents data from ARTEMIS shifted to the location of OMNI. The orange line represents data projected to the bow shock nose by OMNI and the blue line represents data from ARTEMIS shifted to the location of OMNI. e by OMNI and the blue line represents data from ARTEMIS shifted to the location of OMNI.
Sample usage ( TITLE ) =The Impact of OMNI Data Accuracy on Thermospheric Neutral Density Simulations at Grid Cell Resolutions
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb and CDAWeb service, and OMNI data. We furthermore acknowledge NASA contract NAS5-02099 and V.

Authors=Raj, Jijin K.; Manu, V.; Balan, N.; Zhang, Qing-He; Xing, Zan-Yang;
Title=Capability of Revised Intensity and Impulsive Strength of Geomagnetic Storms and Activities to Identify Severe Space Weather, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004399, ID:35999850.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ce 1998 and time-shifted to the magnetopause nose are downloaded from the OMNI site https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html . When the solar wind velocity suddenly increases by over nt The solar wind, IMF and geomagnetic index are available from the NASA OMNI Web ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ).

Authors=Zhou, Rui; Liu, Haijun; Le, Huijun; Xiao, Jian; Ma, Yan; Yuan, Jing; Shan, Weifeng; Wang, Maofa;
Title=Using Machine Learning Explainability Techniques to Examine Drivers of Ground Magnetic Field Localization, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004391, ID:36435965.
Keywords: cdaweb, omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The OMNI data used in this paper can be found at https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ . Software written for this work can be found at (Coughlan, 2025).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =gnetometer data from the SuperMag project can be found at https://supermag.jhuapl.edu/ . The OMNI data used in this paper can be found at https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ g.jhuapl.edu/ . The OMNI data used in this paper can be found at https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ .

Authors=Oladipo, O. A.; Salifu, F. U.; Ebock, E. O.; Nava, B.;
Title=Neural Network Model for ESF Occurrence at an Equatorial Station, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004442, ID:36435969.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Data Availability Statement Solar activity index (F 10.7 ) values are available at OMNIWeb Data Explorer (nasa.gov) . Ilorin Ionograms are available for free access from https://giro.uml.edu/

Authors=Nigussie, Melessew; Jakowski, Norbert; Hoque, Mainul;
Title=Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Crest Position and Width Modeling, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004479, ID:36435972.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The authors also thank NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for maintaining the OMNIWeb platform, from which solar radio flux data were accessed (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, n.d.).

Authors=Sun, Xiaojing; Lin, Ruilin; Liu, Siqing; Luo, Bingxian; Liu, Shuai; Dong, Xuan;
Title=Enhancing >=2 MeV Electron Fluence Predictions in GEO Orbit Through Three Deep Learning Strategies, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004519, ID:36435975.
Keywords: cdaweb, omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ameters and geomagnetic disturbance indices were provided by the OMNI database ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The Lm and MLT values were calculated using the international radiation envir
Sample usage ( ACK ) =vironmental Information Center (NCEI) for providing processed GOES series satellite data and OMNI for proving the solar wind parameters and geomagnetic disturbance indices.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =All solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices were obtained from the OMNI database. The Lm and MLT values were calculated using the international radiation environment modeling software daily averages are used for modeling purposes, the propagation delay of solar wind from the OMNI data reference location to the GEO orbit is not considered in this study. daily averages are used for modeling purposes, the propagation delay of solar wind from the OMNI data reference location to the GEO orbit is not considered in this study. The solar wind parameters and geomagnetic disturbance indices were provided by the OMNI database ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).

Authors=Ma, Yan; Yuan, Jing; Liu, Haijun; Zhang, Zhihong; Zhou, Rui; Xiao, Jian; Yuan, Guoming;
Title=CGConvLSTM: A Spatial-Aware Ionospheric Total Electron Content Spatiotemporal Prediction Model, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004528, ID:36435976.
Keywords: omniweb Sample usage ( BODY ) =The download site for Dst 1-hr resolution data is https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html .

Authors=Wang, Xu; Dai, Lei; Wang, Tonghui; Ren, Yong; Zhu, Minghui; Yang, Xiaochao; Wang, Chi; Gonzalez, Walter;
Title=Inner Magnetospheric Convection Electric Fields and Corresponding Geomagnetic Indices During High-Speed Solar Wind Streams, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004548, ID:36435977.
Keywords: cdaweb, omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Data Availability Statement The RBSP data are available at https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/rbsp/ . Solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices data are available at http://cdaweb< ata/rbsp/ . Solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices data are available at http://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni .
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The 1-hr OMNI database also provides AU, AL, AE, Kp, and Dst indices. To match the 1-hr cadence of OMNI data, the electric field values are binned into 1-hr intervals and 0.5 R E ${R}_{E}$ L-shell segments. The 1-hr OMNI database also provides AU, AL, AE, Kp, and Dst indices. arameters and geomagnetic indices data are available at http://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni .

Authors=Sun, Mengfei; Liu, Tong; Ding, Zonghua; Liu, Jian; Huang, Yanshi; Zhang, Kun; Fang, Shengliang; Li, Shizhong; Kong, Qinglei; Chen, Bo;
Title=Enhanced Spacecraft Charging Risks by Interplanetary Alfven Waves During Geomagnetic Storms, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004216, ID:38275422.
Keywords: cdaweb, spdf, space physics data facility, omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The Wind data from https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/wind/ ; Dst data from https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ ; LANL data from https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/lanl/ . nd/ ; Dst data from https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ ; LANL data from https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/lanl/ .
Sample usage ( ACK ) =k NASA’s Space Physics Data Facility for providing the LANL data and the Wind data ( https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov ) and the World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto, for providing the Dst dat
Sample usage ( ACK ) =Acknowledgments We thank NASA’s Space Physics Data Facility for providing the LANL data and the Wind data ( https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov ) and the World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto, for
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ed and Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) Bz data are obtained from the one-hour resolution OMNI data set (King Papitashvili, 2005). The identification method for Alfven waves is adopted fr

Authors=Kumar, V. V.; Marshall, R. A.; Chand, A. E.; Fang, T.-W.; Blanchfield, E.;
Title=Real-Time Forecasting of Pitch Angle-Resolved Differential Electron Flux at MEO Using Solar Wind and Geomagnetic Indices, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004339, ID:38275427.
Keywords: spdf, space physics data facility, omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) = Statement RBSP data and OMNI data set are obtained from NASA’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF, https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/ ). Our model and test data are available for ata set are obtained from NASA’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF, https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/ ). Our model and test data are available for use at (Quan et al., 2024).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Data Availability Statement RBSP data and OMNI data set are obtained from NASA’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF, https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/ ).
Sample usage ( ACK ) =Additionally, we extend our thanks to the contributors of the Kp index from GFZ and the OMNI data set.

Authors=Raza, Syed A. Z.; Singh, Talwinder; Pogorelov, Nikolai V.;
Title=The Effect of Uncertainties in Reproducing the Ambient Solar Wind at Earth on Forecasting CME Arrival Times, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004371, ID:38275430.
Keywords: cdaweb, space physics data facility, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =for the ENLIL SW files and the use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data, Papitashvili and King ( 2020).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =/ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/tools/ISWA/ for the ENLIL SW files and the use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data, Papitashvili and King ( 2020
Sample usage ( BODY ) =tools/ISWA/ for the ENLIL SW files and the use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data, Papitashvili and King ( 2020).

Authors=Chen, Si; Yu, Fengzheng; Yuan, Hong; Yang, Guang; Fan, Kai; Zhang, Peng; Wei, Yong;
Title=Effect of the 1 December 2023 Geomagnetic Storm on SPP Performance in China, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004389, ID:38275431.
Keywords: omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ccessed on 18 July 2024), solar wind speed and IMF Bz data are as extracted from NASA/GSFC’s OMNI data set through OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).

Authors=Xia, Xinmiao; Jiang, Guoying; Wei, Xiaolong; Zhu, Yajun; Xu, Jiyao; Yuan, Wei; Kerr, Robert B.; Thapa, Tulsi;
Title=Multi-Technique Study of the Thermospheric Wind Responses to the November 3-4, 2021 Storm, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004393, ID:38275432.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The IMF Bz, By, Dst, and Kp indices are obtained from the OMNIWeb Data Explorer ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html ). Bz, By, Dst, and Kp indices are obtained from the OMNIWeb Data Explorer ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html ).

Authors=Guerra, Marco; Cesaroni, Claudio; Fiorentino, Nicola; Tosone, Federico; Ventriglia, Vincenzo; Pica, Emanuele; Astafyeva, Elvira; Maletckii, Boris; Spogli, Luca;
Title=Automatic Detection of Large-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Using GNSS Data and Image Processing Techniques, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004423, ID:38275435.
Keywords: omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =/hp30-hp60/data ) while SymH was retrieved from OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html ). The IMAGE IE index was sourced via web services ( https://space.fmi.fi/image/www
Sample usage ( BODY ) =stdam website ( https://kp.gfz-potsdam.de/en/hp30-hp60/data ) while SymH was retrieved from OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html ). gfz-potsdam.de/en/hp30-hp60/data ) while SymH was retrieved from OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html ).

Authors=Wang, Biao; Fang, Meihua; He, Mengyun; Ma, Yukuan;
Title=LSTM-Based Modeling of Radiation Belt Electrons Using MagEIS Observations From RBSP Satellites, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004492, ID:38275439.
Keywords: cdaweb, spdf, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =Solar wind and geomagnetic indices were obtained from the OMNI data set ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). Science data from the ERG (Arase) satellite were supplied by the ERG Science Center
Sample usage ( ACK ) =ents We thank the MagEIS instrument team for providing the RBSP MagEIS Level 3 data via NASA/SPDF ( https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/rbsp/rbspa/l3/ect/mageis ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The RBSP MagEIS Level 3 data can be obtained from https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/rbsp/ . Pitch-angle-sorted electron flux measurements from JAXA’s Arase HEP-L3 data set (10.34515/DATA.ER
Sample usage ( ACK ) =Solar wind and geomagnetic indices were obtained from the OMNI data set ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). Science data from the ERG (Arase) satellite were supplied by the ERG Science Center
Sample usage ( BODY ) =All data were obtained from the OMNI data set via NASA’s OMNIWeb service. Methods Construction of the Neural Network The proposed neural network integrates both time series and non-time seri
Sample usage ( BODY ) =All data were obtained from the OMNI data set via NASA’s OMNIWeb service. Methods Construction of the Neural Network The proposed neural network integrates both time series and non-time serie V sw , N p , P s , F10.7 index, IMF, Dst, SYM-H, AE, and ALdata set were obtained from NASA OMNIweb https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The RBSP MagEIS Level 3 data can be obtained from x, IMF, Dst, SYM-H, AE, and ALdata set were obtained from NASA OMNIweb https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The RBSP MagEIS Level 3 data can be obtained from https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Authors=Consolini, G.; Benella, S.; De Michelis, P.;
Title=A Jump-Diffusion Model of the Auroral Electrojet AL Index: Complexity and Criticality, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004549, ID:38275440.
Keywords: cdaweb, omni
Sample usage ( ACK ) =r of the Goddard Space Flight Center for the use permission of 1 min OMNI data and the NASA CDAWeb team for making these data available. This research was funded by the Space It Up!
Sample usage ( BODY ) =from the World Data Center for Geomagnetism at Kyoto (wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/aedir) or NASA CDAWeb (database OMNI https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ), with a time resolution of 1 min. m at Kyoto (wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/aedir) or NASA CDAWeb (database OMNI https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ), with a time resolution of 1 min. ailability Statement The present work uses AL 1 min OMNI data downloaded from the OMNI NASA-CDAWeb available at the present address: https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html . ata downloaded from the OMNI NASA-CDAWeb available at the present address: https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html .
Sample usage ( ACK ) =Space Science Data Center of the Goddard Space Flight Center for the use permission of 1 min OMNI data and the NASA CDAWeb team for making these data available.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ata Center for Geomagnetism at Kyoto (wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/aedir) or NASA CDAWeb (database OMNI https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ), with a time resolution of 1 min. Data Availability Statement The present work uses AL 1 min OMNI data downloaded from the OMNI NASA-CDAWeb available at the present address: https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html . Availability Statement The present work uses AL 1 min OMNI data downloaded from the OMNI NASA-CDAWeb available at the present address: https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html .

Authors=Han, Tingwei; Le, Huijun; Yang, Yuyan; Li, Wenbo; Sun, Wenjie; Ma, Han; Zhou, Yijia; Liu, Bowei; Du, Rongjin; Liu, Libo; Chen, Yiding; Zhang, Ruilong;
Title=Characteristics of Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances During the 10 May 2024 Geomagnetic Storm, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004283, ID:37568558.
Keywords: cdaweb, omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) = geophysical data used in this study are sourced from the OMNI database ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ ). The Polar Cap Indices are available from the Polar Cap Magnetic Index
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ysical conditions during the space weather events on May 10-11, 2024, were obtained from the OMNI network interface. This study also utilizes the Polar Cap (PC) index, which characterizes po bility Statement The solar wind and geophysical data used in this study are sourced from the OMNI database ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ ). cal data used in this study are sourced from the OMNI database ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ ).

Authors=Blanchfield, E. J.; Carter, B. A.; Currie, J. L.; Weygand, J. M.; Iles, G. N.;
Title=Thermospheric Density Disturbances During the 2015 St. Patrick’s Day Geomagnetic Storm: Model-Observation Comparisons and Analysis of Intense Polar Density Spikes, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004472, ID:37568600.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service, and OMNI data.
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service, and OMNI data. We thank the AMPERE team and the AMPERE Science Data Center for providing data products derive
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service, and OMNI data. We thank the AMPERE team and the AMPERE Science Data Center for providing data products derived
Sample usage ( BODY ) =All data were obtained from the NASA OMNIWeb Service (Papitashvili King, 2020a; Papitashvili King, 2020b). All data were obtained from the NASA OMNIWeb Service (Papitashvili King, 2020a; Papitashvili King, 2020b). Kp index data were obtained from NASA’s OMNIWeb service at hourly resolution from https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html (Papitashvili King, 2020b). SYM-H index and solar wind magneti x data were obtained from NASA’s OMNIWeb service at hourly resolution from https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html (Papitashvili King, 2020b). SYM-H index and solar wind magnetic field solar wind magnetic field, plasma speed, and electric field data were obtained from NASA’s OMNIWeb service at minutely resolution from https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow_min.html (Pap data were obtained from NASA’s OMNIWeb service at minutely resolution from https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow_min.html (Papitashvili King, 2020a).

Authors=Gonzalez Esparza, J. A.; Sanchez Garcia, E.; Sergeeva, M.; Corona Romero, P.; Gatica Acevedo, V. J.; Castellanos, C. I.; Gonzalez Mendez, L. X.;
Title=Characterization of Regional Space Weather Conditions in Mexico During Solar Minimum 24/25: Baseline for Severity Scale Development, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004516, ID:37568609.
Keywords: spdf, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =The OMNI data (Dst, Kp and F10.7 indices) were obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov (accessed on 07 March 2025).
Sample usage ( ACK ) =Castellanos-Velazco is grateful for “La Beca de Posgrado en Mexico” granted by SECIHTI. The OMNI data (Dst, Kp and F10.7 indices) were obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at https:
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Data downloaded from the NASA-OMNI website. 8 Figure Cosmic ray flux variations detected by The Mexico City Cosmic Ray Observatory during the geomagnetic storm on 26 August 2018. 9 Figure Ob Data downloaded from the NASA-OMNI website. 8 Figure Cosmic ray flux variations detected by The Mexico City Cosmic Ray Observatory during the geomagnetic storm on 26 August 2018. 9 Figure Ob nterplanetary parameters (solar wind plasma and magnetic field) are downloaded from the NASA-OMNI website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).
Sample usage ( ACK ) =The OMNI data (Dst, Kp and F10.7 indices) were obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov (accessed on 07 March 2025). p and F10.7 indices) were obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov (accessed on 07 March 2025).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =lar wind plasma and magnetic field) are downloaded from the NASA-OMNI website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). This work used data from the Teoloyucan Magnetic Observatory operated by MS

Authors=Saiz, E.; Cid, C.;
Title=Alfvenic Contribution From the Solar Wind to Magnetospheric Dynamics, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004522, ID:37568612.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =Acknowledgments We acknowledge the use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service and OMNI data.
Sample usage ( ACK ) =ents We acknowledge the use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service and OMNI data. The authors acknowledge the support by projects PID2020-119407GB-I00 and PID2024-16211
Sample usage ( ACK ) =Acknowledgments We acknowledge the use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb service and OMNI data. The authors acknowledge the support by projects PID2020-119407GB-I00 and PID
Sample usage ( BODY ) =olar wind data and geomagnetic indices are extracted from NASA/GSFC’s OMNI data set through OMNIWeb Plus data portal https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . racted from NASA/GSFC’s OMNI data set through OMNIWeb Plus data portal https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ .

Authors=Zhang, Ting; Yuan, Yunbin; Huo, Xingliang; Li, Min; Wang, Kaixin;
Title=Exploring Two Dimensional and Three Dimensional Propagation of Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances During the May 2024 Geomagnetic Storm Main Phase, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004534, ID:37568687.
Keywords: omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The space weather data are obtained from the OMNI database ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx4.html ).

Authors=Yang, Zhe; Morton, Y. T. Jade;
Title=Impacts of the May 2024 Extreme Geomagnetic Storm on Global High Accuracy GPS Positioning Solutions, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004547, ID:37568693.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =nterplanetary parameters and geomagnetic indices are available at the NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html ) service, and the World Dat
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ters and geomagnetic indices are available at the NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html ) service, and the World Data Center ( s are available at the NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html ) service, and the World Data Center ( http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.

Authors=Archer, Martin O.; Evans, Vincent; Eastwood, Jonathan P.; Camus, Louis Ashley; Waters, Cara L.; Brown, Patrick; Armogathe, Fabien;
Title=First Detection of Field Aligned Currents Using Engineering Magnetometers From the OneWeb Mega Constellation, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004573, ID:37568698.
Keywords: cdaweb, omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =lar wind and geomagnetic index data (Papitashvili King, 2020) were obtained from https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . AMPERE-NEXT data was attained from https://ampere.jhuapl.edu/ .
Sample usage ( BODY ) =d (propagated to the bow shock nose) and geomagnetic conditions throughout May 2021 from the OMNI database, for which we were provided OneWeb data. i.org/10.14469/hpc/15084 with a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence (Archer, 2025). OMNI solar wind and geomagnetic index data (Papitashvili King, 2020) were obtained from https://c

Authors=Nair, Manoj; Fillion, Martin; Chulliat, Arnaud; Califf, Sam;
Title=Global Geomagnetic Model Errors as a Function of Altitude and Geomagnetic Activity, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004579, ID:37568700.
Keywords: omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =First, we analyzed the 1963-2020 OMNI database to determine representative average solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and F10.7 conditions for each G-scale by binning the histo

Authors=Hajra, Rajkumar; Tsurutani, Bruce T.; Lu, Quanming; Du, Aimin; Lu, San; Gao, Xinliang;
Title=Field-Aligned Currents During High-Intensity Long-Duration Continuous Auroral Electrojet Activity Events: A Statistical Study, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004353, ID:38113914.
Keywords: omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =resolution data can be directly downloaded from the page: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html , by specifying start and stop times.
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ma and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) data (1-min resolution) are obtained from NASA’s OMNIWeb Plus database (King Papitashvili, 2020). These are based on measurements by multiple upstre The near-Earth solar wind plasma and IMF data are obtained from NASA’s OMNIWeb Plus database ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The high-resolution data can be directly downloaded f d plasma and IMF data are obtained from NASA’s OMNIWeb Plus database ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The high-resolution data can be directly downloaded from the page: https://< asa.gov/ ). The high-resolution data can be directly downloaded from the page: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html , by specifying start and stop times.

Authors=Hajra, Rajkumar; Tsurutani, Bruce T.; Lu, Quanming; Du, Aimin;
Title=Field-Aligned Currents During High-Intensity Long-Duration Continuous Auroral Electrojet Activity Events: Seasonal Dependences, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004354, ID:38113916.
Keywords: omni
Sample usage ( BODY ) =resolution data can be directly downloaded from the page: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html , by specifying start and stop times.

Authors=Zhuang, Yonggai; Wang, Lei; Yang, Wenqing; Han, Yi; Yang, Fei; Shen, Nan; Zhou, Lv; Zheng, Yuefeng;
Title=Cross-Calibrated FY-4A and GOES-15 Data for >2 MeV Electron Flux Prediction at Geosynchronous Orbit: A Machine Learning Approach, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004419, ID:38113925.
Keywords: spdf, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =S-15 mission for providing the electron flux data for scientific use ( https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/goes/goes15/ ). The sunspot number, geomagnetic indices, as well as the solar wind
Sample usage ( BODY ) =These inputs, along with geomagnetic indices, are obtained from the OMNIWeb one-hour low-resolution data ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). These OMNIWeb data are used not indices, are obtained from the OMNIWeb one-hour low-resolution data ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). These OMNIWeb data are used not only for the TS04 model but also as MNIWeb one-hour low-resolution data ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). These OMNIWeb data are used not only for the TS04 model but also as inputs to the subsequent neural netwo These inputs, along with geomagnetic indices, are obtained from the OMNIWeb one-hour low-resolution data ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). These OMNIWeb data are used not indices, are obtained from the OMNIWeb one-hour low-resolution data ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). These OMNIWeb data are used not only for the TS04 model but also as MNIWeb one-hour low-resolution data ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). These OMNIWeb data are used not only for the TS04 model but also as inputs to the subsequent neural netwo

Authors=Shimna, K.; Archana, R. K.; Vineeth, C.; Lu, Gang; Pant, T. K.; Vijayan, M. S. M.;
Title=Impact of the Gannon Superstorm on the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Dynamics During Its Recovery Phase on 11 May 2024, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004428, ID:38113926.
Keywords: omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =PEF, the east-west component of the interplanetary electric field (Ey) was obtained from the OMNI web ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). In addition, the real-time prediction of the PPEF as The Dst and Kp indices were also obtained from the OMNI website ( https://imag-data.bgs.ac.uk/GIN_V1/GINForms2 ). The Dst and Kp indices were also obtained from the OMNI website ( https://imag-data.bgs.ac.uk/GIN_V1/GINForms2 ). The Dst and Kp indices were also obtained from the OMNI website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =nent of the interplanetary electric field (Ey) was obtained from the OMNI web ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). In addition, the real-time prediction of the PPEF as a function of longitude nent of the interplanetary electric field (Ey) was obtained from the OMNI web ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). In addition, the real-time prediction of the PPEF as a function of longitude The Dst and Kp indices were also obtained from the OMNI website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).

Authors=Palmerio, Erika;
Title=Monitoring the Solar Wind Before It Reaches L1, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004452, ID:38113929.
Keywords: cdaweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =STEREO-A and ACE in situ data are archived at NASA’s Coordinated Data Analysis Web (CDAWeb; accessible at https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). re archived at NASA’s Coordinated Data Analysis Web (CDAWeb; accessible at https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ).

Authors=Nakano, Shin’ya; Reddy, Sachin Alexander; Kataoka, Ryuho; Nakamizo, Aoi; Fujita, Shigeru; Yukimatu, Akira Sessai;
Title=Data Assimilation Into a Machine Learning-Based Emulator of a Global MHD Simulation for Analyzing the Polar Ionosphere, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004488, ID:38113932.
Keywords: cdaweb, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The OMNI solar wind data are available at the CDAWeb: https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/high_res_omni/ which can be reached via OMNIWeb of NASA/GSFC: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ .
Sample usage ( BODY ) = CDAWeb: https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/high_res_omni/ which can be reached via OMNIWeb of NASA/GSFC: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . ata/omni/high_res_omni/ which can be reached via OMNIWeb of NASA/GSFC: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ .

Authors=Velasco Herrera, V. M.; Soon, W.; Knoska, S.; Ozguc, A.; Velasco Herrera, G.; Yesilyaprak, H.; Babynets, N.; Svanda, M.; Murakozy, J.; Qiu, S.; Riveros-Rosas, D.; Connolly, R.; Connolly, M.; Tlatov, A.; Cappellotto, L.;
Title=Solar Flare Activity, 1937-2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024’s Major Solar Storm Events, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004515, ID:38113934.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Solar Wind Speed (SWS): { https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html }. Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) from 1965 to 2024: { https://cosmicrays.oulu.fi }. Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF): { https:/ 965 to 2024: { https://cosmicrays.oulu.fi }. Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF): { https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html }. Modified Coronal Index (MCI): { https://www.kozmos-online.sk }. Solar Wind Speed (SWS): { https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html }. Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) from 1965 to 2024: { https://cosmicrays.oulu.fi }. Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF): { https:/ 965 to 2024: { https://cosmicrays.oulu.fi }. Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF): { https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html }. Modified Coronal Index (MCI): { https://www.kozmos-online.sk }.

Authors=Riley, Pete; Ben-Nun, M.;
Title=Inter-Solar-Cycle Variability of Extreme Geomagnetic Storms, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004552, ID:38113941.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =nary D s t $Dst$ measurements from Kyoto (Nose et al., 2015), NOAA (NOAA, 2016), and NASA’s OMNIWeb (OMNIWEB, 2016). D c x $Dcx$ and D x t $Dxt$ data were obtained from the D c x $Dc easurements from Kyoto (Nose et al., 2015), NOAA (NOAA, 2016), and NASA’s OMNIWeb (OMNIWEB, 2016). D c x $Dcx$ and D x t $Dxt$ data were obtained from the D c x $Dcx$ Index Server (M nary D s t $Dst$ measurements from Kyoto (Nose et al., 2015), NOAA (NOAA, 2016), and NASA’s OMNIWeb (OMNIWEB, 2016). D c x $Dcx$ and D x t $Dxt$ data were obtained from the D c x $Dc easurements from Kyoto (Nose et al., 2015), NOAA (NOAA, 2016), and NASA’s OMNIWeb (OMNIWEB, 2016). D c x $Dcx$ and D x t $Dxt$ data were obtained from the D c x $Dcx$ Index Server (M

Authors=Zhang, Hao; Gong, Yingkui; Zhao, Fei; Liu, Yuanhang; Yu, Cheng; Hu, Ziyue; Zhu, Yubo; Yang, Guang; Yuan, Hong;
Title=A GIVE Prediction Method in SBAS Based on GAT-TCN, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004594, ID:38113943.
Keywords: cdaweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =dex data are all from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ( https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The F10.7 index, Kp index, SSN index, solar wind speed range, and number of f

Authors=Liu, Jianjun; He, Fang; Chen, Xiangcai; Li, Bin; Zheng, Lin; Zhao, Xingxin; Zhu, Ziyuan; Hu, Zejun; Huang, Dehong; Hu, Hongqiao;
Title=Auroral Ionosphere Responses to Solar Wind Perturbations: A Case Study Utilizing the Polar Regions Monitoring Subsystem of the Chinese Meridian Project, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004601, ID:38113949.
Keywords: omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The temporal resolution of these data is 1 min, which was obtained from the integrated OMNI website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow_min.html ). The temporal resolution of these data is 1 min, which was obtained from the integrated OMNI website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow_min.html ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =ution of these data is 1 min, which was obtained from the integrated OMNI website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow_min.html ). The top panel in Figure 1 displays the three IMF components of ution of these data is 1 min, which was obtained from the integrated OMNI website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow_min.html ). The top panel in Figure 1 displays the three IMF components of a Availability Statement The IMF, solar wind data, and Sym-H index are provided by the NASA OMNIWeb service ( http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ). solar wind data, and Sym-H index are provided by the NASA OMNIWeb service ( http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov ).

Authors=Wu, Di; Shen, Guohong; Sun, Ying; Cao, Rongxing; Xue, Yuxiong; Wang, Chunqin;
Title=Analyzing SEU Rate in LEO Satellites During the Space Weather Event of May 2024, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004608, ID:38113952.
Keywords: cdaweb, spdf, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The solar proton event was observed from the GOES-16 satellite: https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov . The AP8max model and the GeoMagnetic field model (IGRF+T04) were obtained from the Internationa
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Data Availability Statement The space environment parameters were used from the SPDF-OMNIWeb Service Website: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/hw.html .
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Data Availability Statement The space environment parameters were used from the SPDF-OMNIWeb Service Website: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/hw.html . ce environment parameters were used from the SPDF-OMNIWeb Service Website: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/hw.html .

Authors=Meredith, Nigel P.; Bortnik, Jacob; Hua, Man; Cayton, Thomas E.; Clilverd, Mark A.; Daggitt, Tom A.; Bunting, Kaine A.;
Title=Solar Wind and Geomagnetic Conditions That Lead to the Largest Relativistic Electron Fluxes in GPS Orbit, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004633, ID:38113953.
Keywords: omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) = and hourly-averages of the solar wind parameters and geophysical indices from the NASA GSFC OMNI website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). wind data, geomagnetic activity indices and sunspot numbers are available from the NASA GSFC OMNI website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =solar wind parameters and geophysical indices from the NASA GSFC OMNI website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). To investigate the potential cause of any observed relativistic electron dro ity indices and sunspot numbers are available from the NASA GSFC OMNI website ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The results and data shown in this study can be downloaded from the UK Polar

Authors=Wang, Jianhang; Xiang, Zheng; Ni, Binbin; Dong, Junhu; Liu, Yangxizi; Hu, Jingle; Guo, Haozhi; Dai, Jiakun;
Title=Ingestion of GNSS-Derived-TEC Into NeQuick 2 Model Over South America, 2025, doi:10.1029/2024SW004212, ID:38332942.
Keywords: spdf, omni Sample usage ( BODY ) = from the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) website ( https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ ). The GNSS ground-based receiver data were collected from different GNSS
Sample usage ( BODY ) = from the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) website ( https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/ ). The GNSS ground-based receiver data were collected from different GNSS

Authors=Arutyunyan, S.; Kodukov, A.; Subbotin, M.; Pavlov, D.;
Title=MHD Forecasting of Solar Wind With Coronal Mass Ejections, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004403, ID:38332943.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =nlil/ (Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC), 2015) The OMNI data are available at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html (Papitashvili King, 2020).

Authors=Liu, Wen; Luo, Zhijin; Wei, Na; Deng, Zhongxin; Yao, ZhiQiang;
Title=ED-ST-Transformer: A Global TEC Spatiotemporal Prediction Model Based on Multisource Data, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004484, ID:38332945.
Keywords: omniweb Sample usage ( BODY ) =The F10.7, SSN, and Kp indices are sourced from NASA’s OMNIWeb service, while the Dst index is provided by the World Data Center for Geomagnetism in Kyoto. The F10.7, SSN, and Kp indices are sourced from NASA’s OMNIWeb service, while the Dst index is provided by the World Data Center for Geomagnetism in Kyoto. The F10.7, SSN, and Kp indices are sourced from NASA’s OMNIWeb service (King Papitashvili, 2005). The Dst index is provided by the World Data Center for Geomagnetism in Kyoto (Nose et al., 20

Authors=Forsythe, Victoriya V.; Weiss, Jan-Peter; Azeem, Irfan; Gullotta, William; McDonald, Sarah E.; Zawdie, Katherine A.; Morgan, Emily C.; Drob, Douglas P.;
Title=VAMPIRE: Using a Random Forest to Forecast Earth’s Outer Van Allen Radiation Belt, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004607, ID:38332951.
Keywords: cdaweb, space physics data facility, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) = Level 3 REPT and OMNI data we acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s CDAweb service ( http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).
Sample usage ( ACK ) = the Van Allen Probe Level 3 REPT and OMNI data we acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s CDAweb service ( http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).
Sample usage ( ACK ) =For the Van Allen Probe Level 3 REPT and OMNI data we acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s CDAweb service ( http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Any data gaps less than a day within either the OMNI or the Van Allen Probe data are linearly interpolated over. Any data gaps less than a day within either the OMNI or the Van Allen Probe data are linearly interpolated over. We initially train our models with all available inputs from the OMNI and SuperMAG data sets, including historical values of up to 7-day. Data Availability Statement The level 3 Van Allen Probes data and OMNI data are available from NASA’s CDAWeb ( http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ).
Sample usage ( ACK ) =we acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s CDAweb service ( http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). We acknowledge the SuperMAG collaborators: INTERMAGNET, Alan Thomson; CARISMA
Sample usage ( BODY ) =e level 3 Van Allen Probes data and OMNI data are available from NASA’s CDAWeb ( http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The SuperMAG data is available from ( https://supermag.jhuapl.edu/ ).

Authors=Garcia Penaranda, Marina; Shprits, Yuri Y.; Drozdov, Alexander Y.; Castillo Tibocha, Angelica M.; Haas, Bernhard; Szabo-Roberts, Matyas; Wang, Dedong; Cervantes, Sebastian; Miyoshi, Yoshizumi; Higashio, Nana; Mitani, Takefumi; Takashima, Takeshi; Shinohara, Iku;
Title=Global Validation of the Data-Assimilative VERB-3D Code for the Radiation Belts, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004615, ID:38332953.
Keywords: space physics data facility, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =We also acknowledge the use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility OMNIWeb service to obtain Kp and Dst indices https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html .
Sample usage ( BODY ) =We also acknowledge the use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility OMNIWeb service to obtain Kp and Dst indices https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html . s Space Physics Data Facility OMNIWeb service to obtain Kp and Dst indices https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html .

Authors=Wang, Xin; Wang, Ronglan; Wang, Kunpeng; Yang, Zhitao; Ren, Tingling; Cao, Jifeng; Li, Ming; Liu, Siqing; Luo, Bingxian; Wang, Chi;
Title=Premature Reentry of the Binar CubeSats Due To Underestimation of Solar and Geomagnetic Activities and Its Implication for Importance of Medium- and Long-Term Space Weather Forecasts, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004619, ID:38332954.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The data of IMF, SW parameters, and geomagnetic activity indices are obtained from OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The sunspot number is attained from https://www.sidc.be rameters, and geomagnetic activity indices are obtained from OMNIWeb ( https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ). The sunspot number is attained from https://www.sidc.be/SILSO/datafiles .

Authors=Dey, Soumyajit; Anderson, Phillip C.; Pilinski, Marcin D.; Sutton, Eric K.; Bukowski, Aaron L.;
Title=First Climatology of Apex Altitudes for Intermediate-Scale Irregularities: Evaluation of Solar and Geomagnetic Activity Contributions to Very High Apex Events, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004636, ID:38332956.
Keywords: cdaweb, spdf, space physics data facility, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2005, 2010, 2013).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =y available at: https://gold.cs.ucf.edu/data/ and at the NASA’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/gold/ . cf.edu/data/ and at the NASA’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/gold/ .
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2005, 2010, 2013).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =sk data is publicly available at: https://gold.cs.ucf.edu/data/ and at the NASA’s Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/gold/ .
Sample usage ( ACK ) =dge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2005, 2010, 2013).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The interplanetary parameters are publicly available at: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html . The SME indices are publicly available at: https://supermag.jhuapl.edu/ .
Sample usage ( ACK ) =We acknowledge use of NASA/GSFC’s Space Physics Data Facility’s OMNIWeb (or CDAWeb or ftp) service, and OMNI data (King Papitashvili, 2005, 2010, 2013).
Sample usage ( BODY ) =The interplanetary parameters are publicly available at: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html . The SME indices are publicly available at: https://supermag.jhuapl.edu/ .

Authors=Resende, L. C. A.; Zhu, Y.; Chagas, R. A. J.; Denardini, C. M.; Espinosa, K. V. S.; Chen, S. S.; Da Silva, L. A.; Alves, L. R.; Moro, J.; Laranja, S. R.; Santos, A. M.; Andrioli, V. F.; Campos, L. L.; Marchezi, J. P.; Costa, J. R.; Wang, C.; Li, H.; Liu, Z.;
Title=Extra Ionization Causing the Anomalous Auroral Sporadic E Layer (Es_a) Over the Equatorial Brazilian Region During the Recovery Phase of the Magnetic Storm on 10 May 2024, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004669, ID:38332957.
Keywords: omniweb
Sample usage ( ACK ) =The authors thank Embrace/INPE for providing Digisonde data, OMNIWeb for providing the interplanetary medium data at L1 Lagrangian point, and SuperMAG and WDC Kyoto for providing the magnetic
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Interplanetary medium conditions at the L1 Lagrangian point were obtained from the OMNIWeb database: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html . itions at the L1 Lagrangian point were obtained from the OMNIWeb database: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html .

Authors=Kunduri, B. S. R.; Baker, J. B. H.; Ruohoniemi, J. M.; St. Maurice, J. -P.; Nishimura, Y.; Erickson, P. J.; Foster, J. C.; Milan, S. E.; Sterne, K. T.; Thomas, E. G.;
Title=Unusual SuperDARN Backscatter During the 11 May 2024 Geomagnetic Storm, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004701, ID:38332958.
Keywords: omni Sample usage ( BODY ) =, solar wind velocity (Vx), number density, AL/AU indices, and Sym-H index obtained from the OMNI data set (King Papitashvili, 2005) and the World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto. , solar wind velocity (Vx), number density, AL/AU indices, and Sym-H index obtained from the OMNI data set (King Papitashvili, 2005) and the World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto.

Authors=Schmolter, Erik; Berdermann, Jens;
Title=The Impact of the 2024 Mother’s Day Storm on Aircraft Surveillance Across Europe, 2025, doi:10.1029/2025SW004718, ID:38332959.
Keywords: spdf, omni, omniweb
Sample usage ( BODY ) =Data Availability Statement OMNI data were obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html .
Sample usage ( BODY ) =nces (GFZ) Potsdam (GFZ, 2025) and are part of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s (GSFC) OMNI database, that can be accessed through the OMNIWeb interface (NASA, 2025). nces (GFZ) Potsdam (GFZ, 2025) and are part of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s (GSFC) OMNI database, that can be accessed through the OMNIWeb interface (NASA, 2025). Data Availability Statement OMNI data were obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html .
Sample usage ( ACK ) =wledgments We thank NASA for providing easy access to common data in space physics through OMNIWeb. We thank NOAA and the GOES-R program for making the X-ray and EUV satellite data available